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GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE & PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT
PARTICIPLE
(DANH ĐỘNG TVÀ HIN TI PHÂN TỪ & DANH ĐỘNG THOÀN THÀNH VÀ
PHÂN THOÀN THÀNH )
1.
Gerund (Danh động t)
Cu to: V-ing
Cách dùng:
Danh động  t(gerund)  là hình thức  động từ  thêm -ing  và được  dùng như một  danh t.  Danh
động tcó thể được dùng làm
a. chngca câu (subject of a sentence)
Ex:
Smoking is bad for your health. (Hút thuc không tt cho sc khe)
Going to the cinema is fun. (Đi xem chiếu phim thì tht là thích)
Behaving like that is not good. (Cư xử như thế thì không tt.)
Cách dùng trên tương đương với cu trúc.
IT IS + ADJ . + TO INFINITIVE
Going to the cinema is fun.
Behaving like that is not good.
b. bngcủa động t(complement of a verb)
=
=
It is fun to go to the cinema.
It is not good to behave like that
Danh động tlàm bngữ thường được dùng sau các động tis, mean, look, seem, ...
Ex: My favorite activity is reading. (Hoạt động yêu thích nht của tôi là đọc sách.)
c. tân ngcủa động t(object of a verb)
Ex: I enjoy travelling. (Tôi thích đi du lịch)
d. bngca tân ng(object complement)
Ex: I dislike people telling me what to think. (Tôi không thích người khác bo tôi phải nghĩ gì)
e. tân ngca gii t(preposition object)
Ex: I’m  looking forward  to hearing from  you. (Tôi  mong nhận được  tin ca  anh) [NOT ….to
hear from you]
f. danh động tcó thể được dùng sau mt sdanh tvà tính t.
Gii từ thường được dùng để kết ni danh t/ tính tvới danh động t
Ex:
The thought of falling never enter his head. (Anh ấy chưa bao giờ nghĩ đến tht bi)
I’m tired of listening to this. (Tôi chán nghe chuyn này)
Sau mt sdanh tvà tính t, ta có thdùng danh động thoặc động tnguyên mu có to
Ex:
We have a good chance of making/  to make a profit. (Chúng ta có cơ may kiếm  được li
nhun)
I’m proud of having won/ to have won. (Tôi hãnh diện đã chiến thng.)
g. Danh động từ được dùng sau danh từ  hoặc đại tbất định (something, anything, anyone…) để
gii thích mục đích sử dng hoc cht liu ca mt vt.
Ex:
A strimmer is a machine for cutting grass and weeds. (Máy ct clà loại máy dùng để ct
cvà cdi)
I need something for killing flies. (Tôi cn thứ gì đó để dit rui.)
h. trong danh t ghép.
Ex: a diving board (ván nhún bể bơi)
            
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(
Lưu ý:  giống  như các  danh từ  khác ,  danh  động từ  (gerund) hay  cụm danh  động từ   (gerund
phrase) có thể được dùng vi  mo từ a/the, đại tchỉ định  this/that, a lot of, some, đại tsở  hu
my/ his … và tính từ.
Ex: Conservation is the safeguarding of natural resources.
Do you mind my making a suggestion?
I did some/ a lot of/ a little shopping this morning.
I appreciate your helping me. Your quick thinking saved us all.
A. Present participle (Hin ti phân t)
Cu to: V-ing
Cách dùng:
Present  participle  được thành  lp  bng  cách thêm  -ing  vào  động  tnguyên  mu    (V-ing).
Present participle được dùng
a. để thành lp các thì tiếp din
Ex:
When we arrived they were having diner. (Khi chúng tôi đến họ đang ăn tối.)
I t was raining when I got home. (Trời đang mưa khi tôi về đến nhà.)
b. như tính từ
Ex:
I love the noise falling rain. (Tôi thích tiếng mưa rơi)
His idea seems exciting. (ý kiến ca anh y có vthú vị đấy.)
He’s the most boring man I’ve ever known
c. như trạng t
Ex: She ran screaming out of the room. (Cô ta va la va chy ra khi phòng)
d. sau have + tân ng
Ex: I won’t  have him cleaning  his bike in  the kitchen. (Tôi  sẽ không để  cho anh ta  rửa xe đạp
trong bếp.) [= I won’t/ don’t allow him to clean his bike in the kitchen.]
e. để thay thế đại tquan hệ + động t
Ex:
(=
A lorry carrying concrete pipes has overturned this morning.
A lorry which was carrying concrete…) (Sáng nay mt chiếc xe ti chở ống bê tông đã blt.)
Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
(=
Anyone who wants to come  with us is welcome) (Bt cai muốn  đi cùng chúng tôi đều được
hoan nghênh.)
f. sau động tchtri giác see, hear, feel, smell
Ex:
tôi)
I see him passing  my house every day. (Ngày  nào tôi cũng thấy anh  ta đi ngang qua nhà
I saw her crossing the street. (Tôi thy cô ấy đang bang qua đường)
g. sau catch, find, leave + tân ng
Ex: I caught them stealing my apples. (Tôi bt gp chúng trm táo ca tôi)
h. sau go, come, spend, waste, be busy.
Ex: James is busy practicing for the school concert. (James đang bận tp luyn cho bui hòa nhc
của trường.)
i. để thay thế chtừ + động từ ở dng chủ động
-
Khi hai  hành động ca  cùng mt chủ  txảy ra  đồng thi thì  một trong hai  hành động có  th
được diễn đạt bng hin ti phân t. Phân tcó thể đứng trước hoặc sau động từ được chia.
He rode away. He whistled as he went = He rode away whistling. (Anh ta  vừa đạp xe va
huýt sáo).
He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water
Holding the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water
Ex:
=
            
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(Mt tay nm si dây thng, tay kia anh ta vi ti cu bé ở dưới mước.)
-Khi hai hành động ca cùng mt  chtxy ra liên tiếp thì hành động xảy ra  trước thường được
diễn đạt bng hin ti phân t. Hin ti phân tnày phải được đặt ở đầu câu.
We take off our shoes and creep cautiously along the passage.
Taking off  our shoes and  creep cautiously  along the passage.  (Chúng tôi ci  giày ra  ri cn
thận trườn dc lối đi.)
I was walking in the park the other day and I saw a bird building a nest.
Walking in the park the other day and I saw a bird building a nest.
Ex:
=
=
The girl was lying in bed. She was thinking of her childhood.
=
Lying in bed, the girl was thinking of her childhood
Nhưng khi hành động  thhai là kết  quhoc là mt phn  của hành động đầu tiên,  thì chúng ta
diễn đạt hành động thhai bng hin  ti phân t(phân tkhông nht thiết phi có cùng chủ  ng
với hành động thnht).
Ex:
He fired, wounding one of the bandits. (Anh ta nsúng, làm bị thương một tên cướp)
The plane  crashed, its  bombs  exploding as  it hit  the ground.  (Máy bay  rơi, những  qu
bom ntung khi máy bay chạm đất)
j. Hin ti phân tcó thể được dùng để thay thế cu trúc as/ since/ because + chtừ + động t.
Ex: Knowing  that he  wouldn’t be  able to buy  food on  his journey  he took large  supplies with
him. (=  As he knew….)  (Biết sẽ không  mua được  thc phẩm trên  đường đi,  anh ta mang  theo
một lượng ln thc phm.)
k. Hin ti  phân tcó thể được dùng  sau mt sliên từ  và gii t, chng  hạn như after, before,
since, when, while, whenever, once, until, on, without, instead of, in spite of as.
Ex:
She’s been  quite different since  coming back  from America. (Cô  ta đã trở  vnên  khác
hn tkhi trvtM).
After having finished my homework, I watched TV. (= After I had finished …)
Present  Participle không  có nghĩa  là nó  chỉ  được dùng  để diễn  đạt hin  ti. Trên  thc  tế,
present participle có thể được dùng để diễn đạt quá kh, hin tại và tương lai.
B. Perfect gerund  and Perfect  participle (Danh động  thoàn  thành và phân
thoàn thành)
1.
Perfect gerund (Danh động thoàn thành)
Danh động từ hoàn thành được  thành lp bi having + past participle.  Danh động thoàn thành
được dùng thay cho hình  thc hin ti của danh động từ  khi chúng ta đề cập đến một  hành động
trong quá kh.
Ex:
He was accused of  deserting his ship/. He was accused  of having deserted his ship. (Ông
ta bcáo buộc đã rời b tàu)
She apologized for not having finished the project.
Lưu ý: Perfect gerund gichức năng như danh động thoc cm danh t
Danh động từ hoàn thành thường được dùng sau deny.
Ex: He denied having been there. (Anh ta phnhận đã có mặt ở đấy.)
2.
Perfect participle (Phân thoàn thành)
Phân thoàn thành được thành lp bi having + past participle.
Phân thoàn thành có  thể được dùng thay cho hin ti  phân từ trong câu có hai hành động  ngn
xy ra liên tiếp  nhau ca cùng mt  chtừ (hành động trong  mệnh đề phân thoàn  tất trước khi
hành động trong mệnh đề  chính bắt đầu) hay nói cách  khác khi một hành động xảy ra  trước mt
            
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hành  động khác  hoc  nhn  mnh sự  hoàn  thành ca  một  hành  động, chúng  ta  dùng perfect
participle cho hành động đầu tiên
Ex:
Having  tied/ Tying  one end  of  the rope  to his  bed, he  threw  the other  end out  of  the
window. (Ct một đầu dây thừng vào giường, anh ta ném đầu còn li qua ca s)
Having taken off/  Taking off his shoes, Ray walked  into the house. (Cởi giày ra, Ray  đi
vào nhà.)
Finishing my homework, I went to bed: Sau khi làm bài xong bài tập tôi đi ngủ.
Having finished my homework, I went to bed: Sau khi đã làm xong bài tập tôi đi ngủ.
Câu thhai nhn mnh việc đi ngủ chxy ra sau khi đã làm xong bài tập.
I approve of helping the poor. Tôi đồng ý vi vic giúp đỡ người nghèo.
I approve of having  helped the poor. Tôi đồng  ý vi vic (chúng ta/ các bạn)  đã giúp đỡ
người nghèo.
Câu thhai din tả ý giúp đỡ người nghèo này đã xảy ra ri
(Tuy nhiên chúng ta thường dùng phân thoàn thành khi
-
hành động trong mnh đề chính là kết quca skin trong mệnh đề phân t
Ex: Having broken her leg the last  time she went, Brenda decided not to go on the school  skiing
trip this year. (Bị  gãy chân trong chuyến đi trượt tuyết  lần trước, Brenda quyết định không  tham
gia chuyến đi trượt tuyết năm nay của trường.)  or [ After breaking her leg…; NOT Breaking her
leg…]
(Lưu ý: chúng ta có thdùng After  v-ing thay cho have + participle trong cu trúc trên
Ex: Having broken her leg the last time she went   = After breaking her leg …
-
hành động đầu tiên kéo dài trong mt khong thi gian.
Ex: Having  repaired  the car,  Tom took  it out  for a  road test.  (Sửa xe  xong, Tom  đánh xe  ra
đường chy th.) [NOT Repairing the car…]
-
vic dùng hin ti phân tcó thgây nhm ln.
Ex: Reading the instructions, he  snatched up the fire extinguisher. (Đọc chỉ  dn, anh ta chp ly
bình cha  cháy.) có  thể làm  cho người  đọc hiu  rằng hai hành  động này  xảy ra  đồng thi.
Trường hp này , chúng ta nên dùng phân thoàn thành.
Ex: Having read the instructions, he snatched up  the fire extinguisher. (Đọc xong chdn, anh ta
chp ly bình cha cháy.)
-
Nếu một  hành động xy  ra gần  như cùng một  lúc (ranh gii  thi gian  không rõ rt),  thay vì
dùng Perfect gerund thì chúng ta có thdùng Present participle cho hành động đầu tiên.
Ex: Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door
Exercise 1: Choose the most suitable option to complete the sentence.
1.
….…… only three hours, I can hardly focus on my work.
A. Having slept
b. was slept
c. slept
d. sleeping
2.
….……. up late is harmful for skin.
A. Staying
b. to stay
c. stayed
d. have stayed
3.
….……. from so much trouble in the life makes her more and more mature than before.
A. Suffering
4.
A. Having seen
b. was suffered
….……. this movie last week, I still wanted to see it again.
b. had seen
c. has suffered
d. suffered
c. was seen
d. seeing
5.
Mary  is the  cleverest  person  in  the classroom.  She  is  always  the first  person  ………  the
question.
A. To answer
b. answering
c. has answered
d. answered
            
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6.
Her boss caught him ………. privately in the working time, so he was fired.
A. Speaking
b. spoken
c. to speak
d. was speaking
7.
After complete the plan, we had a vacation in Hawaii.
A
B
C
D
8.
This is the most embarrassed problem that I have ever seen.
A
B
C
D
9.
Having lived in city for ten years, she is used to stay up late.
A
B
C
D
10.
A. Having lost
11.
Dan appears ………. some weight. Has he been ill?
b. having been lost      c. to have lost
Are you sure you told me? I don’t recall ………. about it.
A. Having told                        b. having been told     c. to have told
d. to have been lost
d. to have been told
12.
Tome made a bad mistake at  work, but his boss didn’t fire him. He is  happy about ………. a
second chance.
A. Giving
b. having been given   c. to have been given  d. to give
13.
When I called them, they didn’t answer. They pretended ………. already.
A. To sleep
….…….. the bottles, Mike poured the drinks for everyone.
A. To open                              b. to have opened        c. being opened
The painting was beautiful. I stood there ………. it for a long time.
b. sleeping
c. having slept
d. to have been sleeping
14.
d. having opened
15.
A. To admiring
b. admiring
c. admire
d. having admired
16.
A plane with  an engine on  fire approached the runway.  …….. was frightening. There  could
have been a terrible accident.
A. Watch it landing
b. watching it land
B. To watch it to land
d. watching to land it
17. I’ve just heard that there’s been  a major accident that has all of the traffic tied up. If  we want
to get to the play on time, we’d better avoid ………. the high way.
A. Having taken
b. take
c. to take
d. taking
18.
Did you ever finish ………. the office for that new client of yours?
A. To design
b. designing
c. designed
d. having designed
19.
Mr. Lee was upset by ………. the truth.
A. Not having been told
c. He hadn’t been told
b. us not to tell him
d. being not told
20.
……….. in restaurant as often as they do is very expensive.
A. Being eaten
b. having eaten
c. having been eating d. eating
21.
Jack made me ………. him next week.
A. To promise to call
C. promise to call
b. to promise calling
d. promise calling
22.
………. all the papers already, Sarah put them back in the file.
A. To have photocopied
C. Photocopying
b. to photocopy
d. having photocopied
23.
Our mechanic says that he expects ………. the brakes on our car before we pick it up.
A. Fixing
24.George
b. being fixed                                                  d. to have been fixed
mentioned ……… in an accident as a child, but he never told us the details.
c. to have fixed
A. Having injured
C. To have injured
b. having been injured
d. to have been injured
            
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25.
although we felt cold, we kept walking.
A. Despite feeling cold, we kept walking
C. Felt cold, but we kept walking
b. however we felt cold, we kept walking
d. we kept walking even though feeling cold
26.
It is good exercise to walk a mile a day.
A. For walking a mile a day is good exercise
b. In order to walk a mile a day is good exercise
c. Good exercise is for walk a mile a day
d. Walking a mile a day is good exercise
27.
The man jumped out of the boat. He was bitten by a shark.
A. Bitten by a shark, the man jumping out of the boat.
B. After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
C. After bitten, the shark jumping out of the boat.
D. After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man
28.
After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.
A. Handed the composition to his teacher, Louie wrote it
B. Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher.
C. Writing the composition. Louie handed it to his teacher.
D. Handing the composition, Louie had written his composition.
29.
while the director was guiding us through the museum, he gave us a special explanation.
A. Guiding us through the museum, a special explanation was given by the director
B. Guided us through the museum, the director gave us a special explanation
C. A special explanation was given to us while guiding us through the museum
D. Guiding us through the museum, the director gave us a special explanation.
Exercise 2. For question  1-10, fill in the  verbs in brackets as participles  (Present participle
or past participle) into the gaps
Ex: I talked to the man ……… the newspaper. (to read)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I talked to the man reading the newspaper
He saw his friend ………… out with Sue (to go) going
The bus crashed into the blue car ……….. down the hill. (to drive) driving
Peter hurt his leg ……….. karate. (to do) doing
The umbrella ………. at the bus stop belongs to John Smith. (to find) found
The people ………… in the street are all very friendly. (to dance) dancing
I heard my mother ……….. on the phone. (to talk) talking
My uncle always has his car ………… . (to wash) washed
We stood ………. for the taxi. (to wait) waiting
….………. down from the tower we saw many people walking in the streets. (to look) looking
10.
The people drove off in a ………… car. (to steal) stolen
Exercise  3.  Rewrite  each  of  the  following  sentences  with  present  participle  or   perfect
participle.
1.
Christopher apologized. He’d forgotten to pay.
2.
Christopher apologized for having forgotten to pay.
When Tom had repaired the car, he took it out for a road test.
Having  repaired the car, he took it out for a road test.
The porter just stood there. He expected a tip.
3.
4.
The porter just stood there expecting  a tip.
Because he was the youngest child, Natasha was her father’s favorite.
Being the youngest child, Natasha was her father’s favorite.
Mitchell picked up the phone and dialed a number
5.
            
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6.
7.
8.
Picking up the phone, Mitchel dialed a number
He left the phone ring for 5 minutes and then slowly replaced the receiver.
Having left  the phone ring for 5 minutes and then slowly replaced the receiver.
After she had worked hard all day,  Sarah was exhausted.
Having worked hard all day,  Sarah was exhausted.
We saw Rupert. He was looking into a shop window.
9.
We saw Rupert  looking into a shop window.
Since Daniel had spent all his money, he couldn’t afford a new jacket.
Having  spent all his money, Daniel couldn’t afford a new jacket.
10.
He took out a gun and put it in his briefcase.
Taking out a gun he put it in his briefcase.
Exercise 4:  Choose a, b,  c, or d  that best  completes each unfinished  sentences; substitutes
the underlined part; or has a close meaning to the original one.
1.
They all denied ……… her.
A. To see                    b. of seeing
Up to two thirds of 14 to 16 years old admit ………… drink illegally.
c. having ever seen
d. ever having seen
d. buying
2.
A. To buying
b. for buying
c. having bought
3.
In addition to …………, I do the washing up.
A. I prepare dinner
B. Prepare dinner
b. I am preparing dinner
c. preparing dinner
4.
Tom was accused ………. some top secret document.
A. To steal
5.
A. To do
b. of having stolen
c. for stealing
No one can prevent us ………. good things.
c. of doing
d. to have stolen
d. in order to do
b. from doing
6.
As a teacher and a leader, she wanted us ………. effectively.
A. Have known how to learn
B. To know how to learn
b. knowing how to learn
c. to know of learning learn
7.
But after ……… it over, I decided to laugh at myself and just join anyway.
A. Having thought
b. I have thought
c. thought
d. to have thought
8.
They did not want us to feel inhibited ……… together
A. From asking questions or enjoying our time
B. Of asking questions or enjoying our time
C.  Having asked questions or enjoying our time
D. As asking questions or enjoying our time
9.
Mary said, “ I regret ……… him earlier in my life.”
A. To meet                  b. not having met        c. to have met
After ……… it, please return the form to us in the envelope provided.
d. at meeting
10.
A. To complete and sign
B. Completing and sign
11.
b. you are completing and signing
c. completing and signing
Martin denied ……… the accused man on the day of the crime.
c. to have seen
A. To see
b. of having seen
d. having seen
d. to have been
12.
A. Before answering
B. By answering
13.
A. To being                 b. of being
She often thinks carefully ……… any question.
b. before having answered
d. having answering
He never admits ……… wrong.
c. to be
            
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14.
….……. from the horseback, he was taken to hospital and had an operation.
A. When falling
15.
A. Was not
b. as he was fallen       c. after having fallen
I regret ……… at his side during his illness last winter.
b. have not been          c. not being
d. to fall
d. not to be
16.
I tried ……… the window, but it seemed ………
A. Having opened/ not working
B. Having opened/ did not work
b. opening/ not to work
d. opening/ was not working
17.
She must ……… for me after realizing I’d gone missing.
A. Having looked
18.
A. About having gone
b. to have look
We are talking ……….. Canada for our vacation next month.
b.going
c. look
d. have looked
d. to go
c. about going
19.
Sue is in charge ………. the meeting.
A. To organize            b. to have organize     c. of organizing
I am interested ……….. the new course next week.
A. In learning              b. in having learnt       c. to learn
d. for having organized
d. on having learnt
20.
21.
I suppose you also deny ……… with Nicole Auger in your office yesterday afternoon.
A. Meeting                  b. of having met         c. to have met              d. having met
….….., he went into his office to fill in the daily time sheet.
22.
A. Before leaving
b. before he had left    c. before having left    d. when he is leaving
23.
I am used to ………. with the window open.
a. Sleep                       b. sleeping                   c. having slept
I look forward to ……… home next month
A. Go                          b. have gone                c. going
They object ………. their plans at this late date.
A. To change              b. to have changed      c. to changing
You had better ……… here.
d. slept
24.
d. having gone
d. of changing
25.
26.
A. Taking advantage of having lived
B. Having taken advantage to live
b. to take advantage for living
d. take advantage of living
27.
….…… some bad news from her family, she collapsed.
A. When heard
b. when she has heard c. to heard
d. on hearing
28.
Listen! I hear someone ……… the gate. It ……… Peter because he is at work at present.
A. To open/ mustn’t be
c.Opening/ can’t be
b. open/ shouldn’t be
d. opened/ couldn’t be
29.
If at any point you feel yourself ……… tense, make a conscious effort ………
A. Become/ relaxing
B. To become/ relax
b. becoming/ to relax
d. having become/ for relaxing
30.
Excuse me …….. late. I got stuck in a traffic jam for more than one hour.
A. To being
b. for being
c. being
d. having been
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